Core Competency Essay Example for Free

Core Competency Essay Walt Disney once noted: â€Å"I only hope that we don’t lose sight of one thing – that it was all started by a mouse†. (Disney Dreamer, 1998). Walt Disney’s original core competence was cartoons and animated movies. By combining Imagineering with engineering Disney’s company reached unparalleled success with the creation of the first full length animated movie. This success led to new ideas and one of them was to open a park, a different kind of park. In Disneyland Walt used new technology to bring his characters to life. He called them â€Å"Animatronics†. (Magical Kingdoms, July 2008) Together with unique storytelling and high quality of service Walt Disney created a magical environment for his guests which none of the competitors could quite duplicate. It became Walt Disney’s core competency. Disney once said: â€Å"Anything that has the Disney name to it is something we feel responsible for.† (Disney Dreamer, 1998) This competency is driven by superior Disney products and most of all by cast members and their renowned guest service. It’s always been a challenge to keep up with high expectations of the guests. To continue to improve its business Disney has set up new cast member standards in the form of the Basics (Meeting the new standards, December 2007). The new standards expect cast members to create and reinforce â€Å"magical† experience for the guests by being approachable, engaging, and willing to go above and beyond. As the company developed, many new lines of businesses have been added such as retail, media, and sports. The danger has been to overextend and lose track of what the company does best. In order to stay competitive the company had to realign and shifted attention from retail to those which are the cornerstone of the company – intellectual property. To reinforce its animation business Disney purchased Pixar in 2006. In the acquisition statement it read: â€Å"Animation is the foundation upon which the Company was built and for years was a core competency. However, in recent years Disney placed less emphasis on animation and, as such; the Company was not at the forefront of the digital revolution and did not produce many animation movie hits. With Pixar, Disney is now further on the technology curve and can  exploit some synergies in marketing, production, and distribution.† (Walt Disney Company release, January 2006). In 2009 Disney purchased another company, Marvel. This move further enhances Disney’s competitiveness and extended the collection of its characters. (CNN, August 2009). The special strength of the company is diversification. In addition to four parks in the US Disney currently has a park in Europe, plus two parks and one more on the way in Asia. Disney’s largest sales revenue is from media sold outside the US. Disney has its own cruise line with regular operation of two boats and is adding two more in January of 2011. (Cruise Talk, June 2010) Many regular Disney guests own part of the Walt Disney World resort through â€Å"Disney Vacation Club†, the company’s timeshare program. Disney’s tour operation business â€Å"Adventures by Disney† offers guests special tours around the world. (Adventures by Disney, n.d.) Everything the company does carries the special â€Å"Disney touch† – a seal of quality and outstanding service. Though the company has some challenges with the economic downturn, it continues to grow leaning heavily on what the company does best providing â€Å"magical† experiences to guests and consumers. References: Disney Dreamer (1998), Walt Disney Quotes. Retrieved from: http://www.disneydreamer.com/walt/quotes.htm Josh Buchanan, Matthew Covarrubias, James Gills, T.J Lovejoy, Craig Wuollet, Meeting the new Standards (December, 2007), Executive Summary, P. 3 Retrieved from: http://www.slideshare.net/jamesrg6/disneypaperfinal Walt Disney Company release (January, 2006) Comments on Acquisition of Pixar Animation Studios. Retrieved from: http://www.dbrs.com/research/206997/walt-disney-company-the/comments-on-acquisition-of-pixar-animation-studios.html David Goldman (August, 2009), CNN, Disney to buy Marvel for $4 billion Retrieved from: http://money.cnn.com/2009/08/31/news/companies/disney_marvel/index.htm The History of Disney’s Animatronics (July, 2008), Disney Blog at Magical Kingdoms Retrieved from: http://www.magicalkingdoms.com/blog/2008/07/08/the-history-of-disneys-audio-animatronics/ Mr. Papa (June, 2010) Cruise Talk Retrieved from: http://cruisetalk.org/2010/06/disney-cruise-line-adds-final-building-block-to-new-cruise-ship-disney-dream.html Adventures by Disney, Retrieved from: http://abd.disney.go.com/abd/en_US/index?name=HomePage

Challenges of Culture in Multinational Companies

Challenges of Culture in Multinational Companies As business becomes more global and the workforce ever diverse , the issue of culture becomes increasingly important for leaders and managers and their organisations.(Fons Trompenaars and peter [emailprotected] pg 3).In the present context of global business multinational companies are increasingly grappling with many challenges that arise mainly due to phenomenon of cultural complexity specially in situations where merger and acquisition, franchising ,takeovers and various other business reformation takes place. This phenomena specially call for establishment of sound system of human resource management which along with organisation culture is considered to be important requirement for modern management in such companies. The proposed study makes an attempt to investigate how the organisation culture of a multinational company gets transferred to a country other than its own with different national identity by the form of local human resource management. 2.1 Culture and nation: There are numerous definitions of culture that have been produced over the years. In search for an appropriate definition ,it would appear that there are many facets, with emphasis shifting according to the individual author.(Goffee and jones,1998).Moreover culture is impalpable, making definitions hard to relate .(Schein,1985;Goffee and jones,1998).However, reviewing a number of definitions does lead to the identification of common thread in thinking. Formal writing focused on the organisation culture concept began with Pettigrew(1979),He was the one who initiated the concept of culture which is primarily appertaine to anthrpology and bought it to the related concept such as symbolism, rituals, and myth can be put into use in the context of organisational analysis. It has been demonstrated by Dandridge(1980) how the study of myths as well as symbols help in exhibiting the profound structure that an organisation has. More researchers conducted recently including Denison and mishra(19 95),schein(1985),sieh and martin(1988,1990) and Wallach(1983) have given numerous definitions to the concept of culture. such a host of research difinitions can be assigned to varied research framework which different authors have adopted. According to Hofstede culture is viewed as software of the mind-collective programming of the mind which distinguishes the members of one group of people from another.(Hofstede book pg 5).Schein (1985) defines culture as the deeper level of basic assumptions and beliefs that are shared by members of an organisation ,that operates unconsciously, and that define a basic taken for granted fashion in an organisations view of itself and its environment. [chris Brewster,pg14]. According to Tayeb (2003,p.10) culture involves historically evolved values, attitudes and meanings that are learned and shared by the members of a community and which influence their material and non-material way of life. Trompenaars and hampden-turner (1997) also gave prominence to shared meanings within a society, arguing that culture comprised not only agreed ways of living but also the ways in which a cultural group attributes meaning to their world that is how they make sense of it.[ray French page 16].According to dennis r.Briscoe and randall s.schuler, culture is the characteristic way of behaving and believing that a group of people in a country or region(or firm) have evolved over time and share.[ dennis r.Briscoe and randall s.schuler,pg116] A more long standing definition by hall(1959) suggests that culture is the pattern of taken for granted assumptions about how a given collection of people should think ,act, and feel as they go about their daily affairs(Hall,1959).While there are many other definitions of culture ,most commonly ,it is colloquially described as the ways things are done around here(Schein,1985;deal and kennedy:1988;Goffee and jones:1988).Although different in content,the parallel between these definitions is that culture is a collective way of perceiving things and behaving due to the sharing of an social environment. (Malcolm higgs and sally morton).Since 1990s there has been an increasing recognition of the difference that people can make to an organisations effectiveness and performance.(Ullrich,1997;IPD 2000). Organisational culture has become a important topic ,as it is seen to be underpinning, intangible infrastructure which influences how people behave at work.(Schien,1985;Goffee and jones,1998).There may be more and more companies globalise ,they may be configuring structures and systems for greater integration.(Collins and porras1997;Trompenaars and woollians,1999).Achieving commitment to a global strategy through an effective organisational culture is attractive, particularly for those operating in a highly competitive marketplace.(Goffee and jones,1998).The complexities of culture make it difficult for managers to understand and manage.(Schein,1985:Goffee and jones,1998).This is further compounded by the often confusing cross-cultural interactions required of those working in a multi-cultural setting, and invariably leads to misunderstandings.(Hofstede,1991;Garrison,1998).But if the culture is an powerful as we are supposed to believe ,then the benefits may be enormous.(Garrison,199 8;Hall,1990;Sparrow,1994).Therefore sometimes it is vital that businesses understand what influences organisational culture to help determine how best it should be configured and nurtured to support the business.( Schein,1985;Hall,1990;Sparrow,1994). Hofstede (1991) had used four terms to describe the way cultural differences manifest themselves they are symbols, rituals, heroes and values. He illustrates this is the form of onion with symbols representing the most superficial layer and values being the deepest manifestations of culture. [Hilary harris.p16-17] http://home.mnet-online.de/wendland/publications/img/oniondiagram.png Hofstede 1991 Trompenaars (1995) model of culture is almost identical to scheins model of 1985.Both model refer to culture as being multi-layered using the terms like artefacts and products for the more visible outer layer, norms and values and basic assumptions at the centre. Hofstede(1991) identified three levels of uniqueness in human mental programming such as human nature, culture and personality. Hofstede asserts that culture is something that is learned ,not inherited and that it derives from ones social environment ,not from ones genes unlike human nature which is universal and inherited ,and personality which is specific to individuals and is a mix of both inherited and learned. Schien(1985) also takes the same view that culture is learned through a group experience. Culture is multi-dimensional and therefore manifests itself in many ways. Schneider and barsoux(1997) refer to industry ;profession; national ;religion; functional and company as the interacting cultural spheres of influences. For the purpose of this literature, the main emphasis is on company culture, also referred as corporate or organisational culture. However, as an international company is being considered the impact of national culture cannot be ignored, particularly in the dyna mic and global market -place of todays business environment.(Hofstede,1991;Barnham and oates,1991;joynt,1999). The various definition of culture are also influenced by an authors particular field of study within the social sciences(Hall,1976).As culture is about perceptions and behaviours in groups, the study of culture is mainly had its roots in sociology, psychology and anthropology. The influence of economics, politics and religion are also considered to be key influencing factors that Garrison(1998) describes as the culture bedrock. The commonality between differing perspectives on culture is that there are value systems involved within groups in all of these types of social sciences-members of such groups each live by a set of common values and beliefs and system of meaning. (Malcolm higgs and sally morton).The culture of a country has been recognised for long as a major characteristic appertained to environment underlying behavioural differences in a systematic was norm as wel l as beliefs related to culture serve as powerful forces determining the perceptions ,behaviours and depositions of people.(Markus and kitayama,1991).culture gets reflection in common tendencies regarding enduring preference for specific state of affair over others,enduring preferences for certain social processes over others, an rules for selective attention ,interpretation of environment cues, as well as responses.(steenkamp,2001) There are several focus on national culture. some of them may be merely for the society, others for many ,if not all the societies at the same time. The present study aims to focus on those cultural dimensions that are several societies .Earlier, research on cross-cultural aspects was occasionally considered to be not painstaking since healthy, theory based frameworks of national culture had no existence. Valid fundamental frameworks depicting aspects of variation in national culture are of crucial significant in evolving a nomological structure able to integrate various attitudinal as well as behavioural phenomena offering a strong national advancing hypotheses which expatiate on systematic variation between various cultures in attitudinal and behavioural times.(Smith,1996.steenkamp,2001) References for 2.1 TROMPENAARS,F .AND WOLLIAMS,P.2003.BUSINESS ACROSS CULTURES.ENGLAND:CAPSTONE PUBLISHING LTD. GOFFEE,R.AND JONES,G.1998.THE CHARACTER OF A CORPORATION.LONDON HARPER COLLINS. SCHEIN,E.1985.ORGANISATIONAL CULTURE AND LEADRERSHIP.BOSTON:JOSSEY-BASS BREWSTER,C.SPARROW,P.VERNON.G.2008.INTERNATIONAL HUMAN RESOURCE MANAGEMENT.2ND EDITION.LONDON:CHARTERED INSTITUTE OF PERSONNEL AND DEVELOPMENT SPARROW,P.BREWSTER,C.HARRIS,H.2004.GLOBALIZING HUMAN RESOURCE MANAGEMENT.LONDON:ROUTLEDGE. BRISCOE,D.SCHULER,R.1995.INTERNATIONAL HUMAN RESOURCE MANAGEMENT. 2ND EDITION.NEW YORK:PRENTICE HALL. HALL,E.1959.THE SILENT LANGUAGE.NEW YORK:ANCHOR PRESS. DEAL,T.AND KENNEDY,A.1998.CORPORATE CULTURES.THE RITES AND RITUALS OF CORPORATE LIFE.MIDDLESEX:PENGUIN BOOKS. ULLRICH,D.1997HR OF THE FUTURE:CONCLUSIONS AND OBSERVATIONS:HR MANAGEMENT,36(1),PP 175-179 IPD.2000HR AND THE BOTTOM LINE.LONDON:IPD COLLINS,J.AND PORRAS,J.1999.BUILT TO LAST.LONDON:RANDOM HOUSE TROMPENAARS,F.AND WOOLLIAMS,P.1999.TRANS-CULTURAL COMPETENCE.PEOPLE MANAGEMENT,VOL.5,NO.8,PP.30-37 HOFSTEDE,G.1991.CULTURES AND ORGANSATIONS:SOFTWARE OF THE MIND.LONDON:MCGRAW-HILL BOOK COMPANY. GARRISON,T.1998.INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS CULTURE.LONDON:ELM PUBLICATIONS. HALL,E.1990.UNDERSTANDING CULTURAL DIFFERENCES.NEW YORK:INTERCULTURAL PRESS. SPARROW,P.SCHULER,R AND JACKSON,S.1994.CONVERGENCE OR DIVERGENCE:HUMAN RESOURCES PRACTICES AND POLICIES FOR COMPETATIVE ADVANTAGE WORLDWIDE,THE INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF HUMAN RESOURCE MANAGEMENT5:2,MAY 1994 SCHNEIDER,S AND BARSOUX,J.1997.MANAGING ACROSS CULTURES.LONDON:PRENTICE HALL BARHAM,K.AND OATES,D.1991.THE INTERNATIONAL MANAGER.LONDON:ECONOMIST BOOKS. JOYNT.1999.THE GLOBAL HR MANAGER.LONDON:IPD HALL,E.1976.BEYOND CULTURE.NEW YORK:ANCHOR PRESS. STEENKAMP AND JAN-DBENEDICT.E,M.2001.THE ROLE OF NATIONAL CULTURE IN INTERNATIONAL MARKETING RESEARCH.INTERNATIONAL MARKETING REVIEW,VOLUME 18,NUMBER1,PP30-44 MARKUS,H.R AND KITAYAMA,S.1991. CULTURE AND THE SELF:IMPLICATIONA FOR COGNITION,EMOTION AND MOTIVATION,PSYCHOLOGICAL REVIEW,98,2,PP224-53. DENSION,D AND MISHRA,A.1995. TOWARD A THEORY OF ORGANISATIONAL CULTURE AND EFFECTIVENESS,ORGANSIATION SCIENCE.6.2,PP204-23. PETTIGREW,A.M.1979. ON STUDYING ORGANISATIONAL CULTURES.ADMINISTRATIVE SCIENCE.QUARTERLY,24.PP570-81 SIEHL,C AND MARTIN,J.1988. MEASURING ORGANSIATION CULTURE:MIXING QUALITATIVE AND QUANTITATIVE METHODS,IN JONES, M.O,MOORE,M.D,SYNDER,R.C(EDS),INSIDE ORGANSIATIONS:UNDERSTANDING THE HUMAN DIMENSIONS.NEWBURY PARK,CA:SAGE PUBLICATIONS.pp79-103 SIEHL,C AND MARTIN,J.1990. ORGANISATIONAL CULTURE:A KEY TO FINANCIAL PERFORMANCE,IN SCHNEIDER,B (EDS),ORGANSIATIONAL CLIMATE AND CULTURE,JOSSEY,SAN FRANCISCO, CA, pp 241-81. WALLACH,E.1983. INDIVIDUALS AND ORGANSIATIONS:THE CULTURAL MATCH.TRAINING AND DEVELOPMENT JOURNAL,pp29-36 DANDRIDGE,T.MITROFF,I AND JOYCE,W.1980. ORGANSIATIONAL SYMBOLISM:A TOPIC TO EXPAND ORGANSIATIONAL ANALYSIS.ACADEMY OF MANAGEMENT.REVIEW 5.pp 248-56 (Malcolm higgs and sally morton). .(Smith,1996. [Hilary harris.p16-17] Trompenaars (1995) .(Collins and porras1997; ;Goffee and jones:1988) Tayeb (2003,p.10) Trompenaars and hampden-turner (1997) .[ray French page 16]. .(Hofstede book pg 5)

Defining The Concept Of Terrorism

Defining The Concept Of Terrorism The phenomenon of terrorism has become a major concern of the international community. It is elevated to the foremost foreign policy problem of the states. The terrorists power is growing day by day. The new and faster modes of transportation and communication technologies have made it easier for the terrorists to reach their targets and strike them without any difficulty. This has magnified the threat of terrorism and made it more sinister than it has been in the past. Although the menace is very dangerous and terribly affecting our daily lives, the states and even the academics have so far failed to comprehensively define and build a consensus on the term terrorism. The analysts face difficulty when it is considered that some forms and classes of terrorism are justifiable whereas others are not.  [1]   This article is an effort to highlight the complexities in defining terrorism, and to find out some ways to reach at least a partial consensus among states. The article is divided into four parts. The first part focuses on the definitional problems as far as the term terrorism is concerned. In the second part an attempt has been made to distinguish between terrorism and freedom fighting. The third part deals with the changing meaning and nature of terrorism over a period of time. And the last part discusses some practical approaches to reach a partial consensus over the definition of terrorism. II. PROBLEMS IN DEFINING TERRORISM Who will define terrorism? A victim state or a society, a stronger state, any international or regional organization, or the Super Power? Terrorism is a relative term and expresses different meanings to different people. To Israel terrorism means when a suicide bomber blows himself up in a market place. To Palestinians, it means when Israeli troops bulldoze a house or shoot stone-throwing kids. India views Pakistan sponsored militancy in Kashmir as terrorism. On the other hand, overwhelming majority of the Kashmiris calls it freedom fighting and resorts to the use of brutal force by the Indian troops as state terrorism. Terrorism is sometimes properly or sometimes improperly used as a synonym of rebellion, insurrection, guerrilla warfare, coup detat, civil strife, or any of many other related terms that produces fear or terror. Most of the times, such lackadaisical and random use of the term may make the understanding of the specific meaning and nature of terrorism more murky and intricate. Although the literature on terrorism offers plenty of definitions, most of them give a very narrow vision of the concept of terrorism. While some view terrorism in political terms, others insist that it should be defined in legal terms. Still some believe that it is related with morality. Undoubtedly, academics works on terrorism have helped understand the problem, but their contributions have not even materialized to create a consensus among the political circles. The academics themselves are divided on the very particulars of the concept. Experts on terrorism, such as, E.V. Walter  [2]  , Grant Wardlaw  [3]  , Leonard Weinberg  [4]  , Steven Spiegel  [5]  , Thomas Mathieseu  [6]  and Richard Overy  [7]  have all defined terrorism in the political context. (See Box 1). For them, terrorism is mainly a sophisticated violence, politically exploited by a group or organization with a religious, ideological or ethnic appeal. Box 1: Definitions on terrorism Terrorism is a process of terror having three elements: the act or threat of violence, the emotional reaction to extreme fear on the part of the victims or potential victims, and the social effects that follow the violence (or its threat) and the consequent fear. (E.V. Walter: 1969) Political terrorism is a sustained policy involving the waging of organized terror either on the part of the state, a movement or faction, or by a small group of individuals. (Grant Wardlaw: 1982) Terrorism is a politically motivated crime intended to modify the behavior of a target audience. (Leonard Weinberg: 1989) Terrorism is the use of violence by an individual or group, designed to create extreme anxiety in a target group larger than the immediate victims, with the purpose of coercing that group into meeting certain political demands. (Steven Spiegel: 1995) Terrorism is violent and arbitrary action consciously directed towards civilians, with a political or ideological goal more or less clearly in mind. (Thomas Mathieseu: 2002) Terror is not an organization or a single force. It is related to a variety of political confrontations, each of which has to be understood in its own terms. (Richard Overy: 2004) However, political biases increase difficulties in defining the term because of its subjective nature. The subjectivism is captured in a popular saying that one mans terrorist is another mans freedom fighter, for whom terrorism is a calculated tactic of the weak against the strong and established authority. The problem is how can one get out of this relativist enmesh? Similarly, the US State Department in its annual document, called, Patterns of Global terrorism, defines terrorism as politically motivated violence perpetrated against noncombatant targets by sub-national groups or clandestine agents, usually intended to influence an audience.  [8]  The problem with this definition is that it does not clearly explain non-combatants, and the perpetrators, according to the definition, are non-state actors (sub-national groups and clandestine agents), while exclude the state terrorism. Moreover, the interpretation of political motivations is very broad. Some intellectuals have tried to define terrorism in legal terms and consider it a criminal act. J. Dugard notes that when a person commits an act which threatens the stability of other states or undermines the international order, he ceases to be a political offender and becomes a criminal under international law, like the pirate or hijacker.  [9]   But the problem with legal definitions is that they completely ignore the political aspects of violence. Treating a terrorist as a criminal undermines the legitimacy of political violence. In other words, the political notion in any terrorist activity cannot be discarded, which, again, becomes the major source of confrontation to reach an international consensus on the definition of the term terrorism. The moral connotations of terrorism have further divided the experts between right and wrong. Do all the nations take moral values uniformly or there are different patterns and orders of priority? Moreover, in this world of power politics, where states give priority to their national interests, what will be the extent of relationship between moral values and power? The common observation is that states are unwilling to give equal status to non-state actors which challenge their authority, and try to deal with them sternly by using brutal force. There are five major problems in defining the term terrorism and building a consensus. The first major problem faced by the academics and even the nations in defining terrorism is the relativist enmesh of the concept. For one it is a freedom fighting, while for the other it is terrorism. This aspect in defining the term has made the task more difficult. Second problem is related to the contents of the definition. If it is described as violence against the innocent people or non-combatants for achieving various goals, the application of the term, then, becomes too broad. It is very difficult even to define non-combatants. What if a soldier is not on the battlefield or he is performing peacekeeping duties under the aegis of the UN, attacked by a suicide bomber of a warring faction? Or would the terrorist attack on the U.S. Pentagon Building on September 11, 2001, not qualify as terrorist act? Moreover, the indiscriminate use of violence does not include those who employ terrorism against specific targets, such as, political assassinations. Third, when it is referred to spreading fear among the audience, one cannot distinguish between terrorism carries out by any individual, group or organization, and the state itself. This is also a major problem in defining terrorism that all the definitions portray non-state actors as terrorists, while completely ignore terrorism perpetrated by the state. Instead, it is called as the gross violation of human rights. It is also a fact that the incumbent political regimes have used terrorism as a means of repressing elements in their populations they view as a threat, real or imagined, to the continuation of their rule.  [10]   Amalendu Guha emphasizes that the recent use of power hegemonism by certain global nations, can be regarded as state terrorism, in the sense that its symptoms, behavior and actions as well as effects are, either the same, or, similar to the terrorism launched by fundamentalist beliefs or ideologies. Both are anti-human, anti-social and frightful.  [11]  The history is full of the tragic incidents, where state, instead of protecting its citizens, has unleashed reign of terror and has become responsible for their annihilation. The fact is that the state terrorism has killed more people as compared to terrorism by non-state actors. Fourth problem in defining the term is whether the act of terrorism is seen in terms of historical continuity or every incidence is considered as a unique in history and dealt with separately. Those who believe in the historical continuity, analyze this phenomenon since the French Revolution. They insist on the unity of terrorism throughout ages.  [12]  Others view each act a unique and absolutely different from the previous one.  [13]  So the rivalry is between the two extremes. Fifth problem in defining terrorism is: whether any act of violence should be analyzed by considering means or ends. As all ideologies sanctify the ends for which every mean is justified. The ideological indoctrination compels the terrorists to the righteousness of their cause and to justify any violent means to accomplish it. On the other hand, many researchers believe that the unethical means may also question the legitimacy of the cause. It is because of the above-mentioned problems in defining the term terrorism, that making distinction between terrorism and freedom fighting has become very difficult. However, there are some aspects which help differentiate between a terrorist and a freedom fighter. III. DIFFERENCE BETWEEN TERRORISM AND FREEDOM FIGHTING It is a well-known fact that the subjectivity of the term terrorism has made it very difficult to distinguish it from freedom fighting. In this process, another difficulty is which forms of violence should be recognized as legitimate and which should not. Martha Crenshaw  [14]  opines that revolutionary violence and terrorism are two different phenomena and should not be confused with each other. The activities of freedom fighters cannot always be termed as terrorism, because their target is the repressive government. John Gearson raises some pertinent questions: What, if anything, is legitimate dissent using violent means? When is being a freedom fighter acceptable?  [15]  Labeling any group terrorist is very difficult particularly when the same group becomes the part of the negotiation process, and the governments have to sign peace deals with them. Nelson Mandela himself has provided perhaps the most satisfying answer to this perennial question. Pointing out that many people once described as terrorists are leading governments today, Mandela says: When you succeed people are prepared to accept you and have dealings with you as head of state. You become a terrorist if your aims and objectives fail.  [16]   In my opinion, the distinction between freedom fighting and terrorism must be made on the grounds of the legitimacy of the movement for independence, recognized by the UN. Article 1(2) of the UN Charter recognizes the right of self-determination of the peoples. It emphasizes the respect for the principle of equal rights and self-determination of the peoplesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ã‚  [17]   Article 7 of the Definition of Aggression adopted by the General Assembly in 1974 authenticates the right of self-determination. It states: Nothing in this definition, and in particular Article 3 (which gives an inventory of the acts that are regarded as aggression) could in any way prejudice the right of self-determination, freedom, and independence, as derived from the Charter, of peoples forcibly deprived of that right and referred to in the Declaration on Principles of International Law concerning Friendly Relations and Cooperation among States in accordance with the Charter of the United Nations, particularly peoples under colonial and racist regimes or other forms of alien domination; or the right of these peoples to struggle to that end and seek and receive supportà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦.  [18]   Similarly, Article 12 of the International Convention Against the Taking of Hostages (1979), which came into force on June 3, 1983, clearly recognizes the means used by the people for their right of self-determination. It states: [The] Convention shall not apply to an act of hostage-taking committed in the course of armed conflicts as defined in the Geneva Conventions of 1949 and the Protocols thereto, including armed conflicts mentioned in article 1, paragraph 4, of Additional Protocol of 1977, in which peoples are fighting against colonial domination and alien occupation and against racist regimes in the exercise of their right of self-determination, as enshrined in the Charter of the United Nations and the Declaration on Principles of International Law concerning Friendly Relations and Co-operation among States in accordance with the Charter of the United Nations.  [19]   The liberation movements are deprecated as terrorists by the governments against which the struggles for independence are conducted. While analyzing the independent movements in Kashmir and Palestine, one may disagree over the means; it is beyond any doubt that both the movements are recognized by the UN. Terming these movements terrorist may also undermine and question the legitimacy of the UN itself. So, one can say, here, that the movements for freedom fighting are those movements whose legitimacy is recognized by the UN. Besides this, in both the cases, the role of state is very repressive and brutal. Both India and Israel have illegitimately occupied the land of the Kashmiris and the Palestinians respectively. Moreover, both states, since the inception of disputes, have been continuously denying the right of self-determination to these people. For this, they have also completely ignored the UN resolutions. So, if anyone calls struggle movements in Kashmir and Palestine as terrorists, it not only refutes the UN resolutions, which give right of self-determinations to the oppressed nations, but also legitimizes the power of the strong over the weak. According to Moulaye el-Hassen, the former Mauritanian Ambassador, The term terrorist could hardly be held to apply to persons who were denied the most elementary human rights, dignity, freedom and independence, and whose countries objected to foreign occupation.  [20]   Now the question arises why is there no consensus on the definition of terrorism? The most convincing reason is that the meaning and nature of terrorism have frequently been changed over a period of time. IV. CHANGING NATURE / MEANING OF TERRORISM The lack of consensus among the nations on the definition of terrorism has caused a continuous change in its nature and meaning. According to Jonathan White, the rise of modern terrorism in the West is linked to the struggle for freedom in the Western World in the 1700s and early 1800s when most Europeans did not enjoy freedom, and America was still only an experiment. A change in social perceptions and actions, however, revolutionized the system and structure of Western governments. Many forms of violence accompanied the struggle for democracy; terrorism was one of them.  [21]   The popular use of the term terrorism occurred during the French Revolution. Contrary to todays usage, terrorism at that time was seen in a positive context. The Jacobins reign of terror was purely a political in nature, which was a deviation from the old sacred terrorism. Also, that terrorism was unleashed by the State to protect the Revolution on the basis of Liberty, Equality and Fraternity. The terrorism during French revolution provided a model to the other revolutionary groups in Europe to use it as a strategy to transform their societies as they wished. But the failure of the 1830 and 1848 revolutions compelled the revolutionaries to change their strategy. However, the use of force to bring any revolution remained the main weapon at the hands of revolutionaries. The 19th century witnessed the rise of nationalist movements, which struggled against the colonial powers for the self-government. Although the nationalists adopted violent means to achieve their objectives, unlike anarchists, they considered themselves freedom fighters. Anarchists were socially isolated, but the nationalists could hope for the possibility of greater support. Governments labeled them terrorists, but nationalists saw themselves rather as unconventional soldiers fighting in a patriotic war. They opted only the tactics of anarchists.  [22]   During the inter-war period, a new form of terrorism emerged in Europe, known as Right-wing terrorism. The purpose of this terrorism was to preserve the status quo. There were two important factors, which contributed to the surfacing of Right-wing terrorism in Europe. First, the Bolshevik Revolution in Russia, which gave confidence to the socialist movements in other European countries to bring a possible change in their societies as well. So, such movements were considered a great threat by the respective governments and the elements which wanted to maintain status-quo. A second factor was the establishment of fascist governments in Italy and Germany during the same period. They justified violence by uprooting the communists and anti-nationalist elements in their societies. The dominant form of violence in the post-War period, aimed at either de-colonization or social revolution, was rural-based guerrilla warfare.  [23]  The major success stories were those of Mao-Tse-tung in China, Ho Chi Minh in Vietnam, and Fidel Castro in Cuba. But there were also less publicized failures. Guerrilla insurgencies were defeated in Greece, Malaya, and the Philippines. In some of these instances, both the successful and unsuccessful, terrorism was used by those groups pursuing national liberation (Vietnam) or social revolution (Greece).  [24]   During 1960s and 1970s, the world witnessed this sudden upsurge in the form of Left-wing terrorism. This confused the experts on political terrorism, who saw terrorism as a new and unprecedented phenomenon, something that was essentially a response to injustice.  [25]  This meant that the focus was on to address the root causes of terrorism, which could be political, economic, social or religious grievances. The end of Cold War was followed by an eruption of religious terrorism in a large number of countries, particularly in the Middle East, South and Central Asia. The Soviet disintegration provided an inspiration to the Islamic movements particularly in South and Central Asian regions to launch an organized offense against their respective states to: 1) seek freedom; 2) capture the state apparatus; and 3) replace the old communist system with the new Islamic order. The vacuum, which was created because of the Soviet disappearance, also provided a great amount of solidarity among the Muslims all over the world as it gave them a confidence that they were the main force behind the disintegration of the Soviet Union. Furthermore, the American neglect to Afghanistan after the Soviet withdrawal in 1989, added to the already existing political chaos. Out of this situation, the Taliban emerged as an organized political force with the support of Pakistan and to some extent Saudi Arabia. Afghanistan under the Taliban proved to be a place for socializing Islamic radicals from all over the world. The Saudi-born millionaire and Afghan war veteran, Osama Bin Laden, was one of them who took refuge in Afghanistan under the Taliban government. He had resentments against the Saudi Royal family for permitting the Americans to stay on the holy soil after the Gulf War in 1991. As his criticism against the Royal family got severe, he was compelled to flee Saudi Arabia. His nationality was cancelled. The stateless Osama then entered Sudan. But under the U.S. pressure, Sudan expelled him in 1996. Then he moved to Afghanistan, where the Taliban government was recently established. To run the state machinery, the new government badly needed financial assistance, which was provided by Osama and his organization, Al-Qaeda. Consequently, Osamas influence on the Taliban leadership increased. In a unique sense, Afghanistan became a terrorist-sponsored state. Taking advantage of his influence, Osama not only established links with other militant groups in Pakistan, Egypt and other Muslim countries, but also posed himself as a highly religious figure, who could issue a fatwa (Islamic ruling). In 1998, he issued a fatwa, stating, To kill Americans and their allies, both civil and military, is an individual duty of every Muslimà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦until their armies, shattered and broken-winged, depart from all the lands of Islam, incapable of threatening any Muslim.  [26]  Since then, a series of terrorist attacks can be observed on the U.S. civil and military installations. The September 11 catastrophe could be seen in this connection, though Al-Qaeda did not take the r esponsibility of it. The September 11 incident has further changed the meaning and nature of terrorism. The incident has characterized terrorism as transnational with religious orientation. The purpose of these groups is not only to overthrow their respective governments, but also to establish a worldwide authority on the basis of their own religious interpretation. Today, terrorism has become very lethal and destructive. Technological changes in the fields of transport, military and communication have added to the strength of terrorists. In such a scenario, it is indispensable to evolve a consensus, at least partial one, over the definition of terrorism. V. HOW TO REACH A CONSENSUS: SOME PRACTICAL APPROACHES The world has now entered a New Age of Terrorism.  [27]  Three important factors confirm this hypothesis. First, the terrorists are equipped with deadly weapons and sophisticated technology at their disposal. Second, the religious orientation has compelled them to believe the rightness of their cause. In other words, the ideology and cause of the terrorist group or organization attracts the potential terrorists to join it. Third, the transcendence of national boundaries has further complicated the issue. In the presence of such emerging threats, it is necessary to evolve a working definition with little disagreement. Although it is extremely difficult for the nation states to compromise over their national interests, still there must be some starting point because there is almost a consensus among the states that the modern transnational religious terrorism is the major threat to the world peace and stability. To begin with, it is the responsibility of the academics to provide some basic roadmap which can help the states reach a consensus on the definition of the term terrorism. First, the academics task is not to label any individual or a group as terrorist but to objectively analyze circumstances which compel the weaker to take arms against the stronger. In doing so, we consciously or unconsciously put all the freedom fighters into the category of terrorist, as well as we also question their legitimacy. This must be kept in mind that a freedom fighter can be distinguished from a terrorist on the basis of the legitimacy and mass support to the organization and the cause. If these factors are absent, then a person or a group can be termed as a terrorist. Second, states must stop defining the term on their own, because the problem starts when two rival states or parties define terrorism by themselves and believe in the authenticity of that definition. In contrast, they should discuss and debate this issue in the UN, particularly in the General Assembly, to reach a consensus. It must be noted that there is no universal definition of terrorism that can be applied to every act of political violence. Besides, every act of violence should be analyzed separately, while keeping in view the motivations of the perpetrator. It means that there must not be any generalization. While analyzing any violent act to be qualified as terrorism, following aspects need to be kept in mind: If the motives are abstract, meaning if any individual or a group aims to commit violence with the purpose of achieving goals on the basis of religious interpretation of its own. If the struggle is transnational in character, meaning affecting the political, social and economic life of the other country. If the struggle is not recognized by the UN. If the violence is not aimed at against the repressive government. If the target is innocent people who have nothing to do with the government policies. So, if any violent activity fulfills any one or all the five aspects, should be considered as terrorism. VI. CONCLUSION As discussed above, todays terrorism is distinct from the past terrorist activities and tactics. The emergence of transnational religious terrorism, coupled with the advancement in military, communication and transportation technologies, has enhanced the power of the terrorists and intensified their brutalities. Despite all such known threats and hazards, the world community is still far from reaching a consensus on the definition of terrorism. The disagreement between one mans terrorism, another mans freedom fighting is still there. A collective and mechanized effort on the part of the international community is needed to overcome this relativist entangle. A genuine understanding of the phenomenon can only be achieved if it is considered beyond the propaganda purposes, and concerted efforts are made to discuss and analyze this menace at international forums, with the consideration that terrorism is equally threatening the peace and stability of the whole world.

Conrads Heart of Darkness :: essays papers

Conrads Heart of Darkness Conrad's Heart of Darkness Conrad's novel, Heart of Darkness, relies on his knowledge of history in order to describe its protagonist, Charlie Marlow, and his struggle. Marlow's feeling in the novel, as he goes to the Congo, rests on how he visualizes the effects of what is going on around him. Meaning that his attitude will be change during his experiences and his thoughts will change with everything that he learns. Marlow's "change" as caused by his exposure to the historical period in which he lived is important to his views of the situation, especially with his view of Kurtz. Marlow is asked by "the company", the organization for whom he works, to travel to the Congo river and report back to them about Mr. Kurtz, a top notch officer of theirs. When he sets sail, he doesn't know what to expect. When his journey is completed, this little "trip" will have changed Marlow forever. Heart of Darkness is a story of one man's journey through the African Congo and the "enlightenment" of his soul. It begins with Charlie Marlow, along with a few of his comrades, cruising aboard the Nellie, a traditional sailboat. On the boat, Marlow begins to tell of his experiences in the Congo. Conrad uses Marlow to reveal all the personal thoughts and emotions that he wants to portray while Marlow goes on this "voyage of a lifetime". Marlow begins his voyage as an ordinary English sailor who is traveling to the African Congo on a business trip. He is an Englishman who has never been exposed to any alternative form of culture similar to the one he will encounter in Africa, and he has no idea about the drastically different culture which exists out there. Throughout the book, Conrad, via Marlow's observations, reveals to the reader the naive mentality shared by every European. However, after only a short period of time in the Congo, he realizes the ignorance he and all his crew have. We first recognize the general naà ¯ve attitude of the Europeans when Marlow's aunt is seeing him for the last time before he embarks on his journey. Marlow's aunt is under the assumption that the voyage is a mission to "wean those ignorant millions from their horrid ways" (Conrad 760). Conrad's Heart of Darkness :: essays papers Conrads Heart of Darkness Conrad's Heart of Darkness Conrad's novel, Heart of Darkness, relies on his knowledge of history in order to describe its protagonist, Charlie Marlow, and his struggle. Marlow's feeling in the novel, as he goes to the Congo, rests on how he visualizes the effects of what is going on around him. Meaning that his attitude will be change during his experiences and his thoughts will change with everything that he learns. Marlow's "change" as caused by his exposure to the historical period in which he lived is important to his views of the situation, especially with his view of Kurtz. Marlow is asked by "the company", the organization for whom he works, to travel to the Congo river and report back to them about Mr. Kurtz, a top notch officer of theirs. When he sets sail, he doesn't know what to expect. When his journey is completed, this little "trip" will have changed Marlow forever. Heart of Darkness is a story of one man's journey through the African Congo and the "enlightenment" of his soul. It begins with Charlie Marlow, along with a few of his comrades, cruising aboard the Nellie, a traditional sailboat. On the boat, Marlow begins to tell of his experiences in the Congo. Conrad uses Marlow to reveal all the personal thoughts and emotions that he wants to portray while Marlow goes on this "voyage of a lifetime". Marlow begins his voyage as an ordinary English sailor who is traveling to the African Congo on a business trip. He is an Englishman who has never been exposed to any alternative form of culture similar to the one he will encounter in Africa, and he has no idea about the drastically different culture which exists out there. Throughout the book, Conrad, via Marlow's observations, reveals to the reader the naive mentality shared by every European. However, after only a short period of time in the Congo, he realizes the ignorance he and all his crew have. We first recognize the general naà ¯ve attitude of the Europeans when Marlow's aunt is seeing him for the last time before he embarks on his journey. Marlow's aunt is under the assumption that the voyage is a mission to "wean those ignorant millions from their horrid ways" (Conrad 760).

Personal Narrative - A Hasty Decision Essay -- Personal Narrative Writ

A Hasty Decision When I turned eighteen I went out and began renting my very own apartment. The effort I put into this task at the time seemed sufficient. I went online, found a place I liked with good location and low rent. I asked my good friend Sean to live with me to help keep costs down. Then I took care of all the utilities, gas electric, cable, phone, internet, and all the necessities. My first apartment gave me some very rough times, but from that time I learned a little about apartments and a lot about life. Things were going great for Sean and I. we had been living on our own in Tera Vida Apartments for three months and we were getting along swell. The only occasional dispute was when we would rock, paper, scissors to see who was taking out the trash. Expenses were no problem. Sean had a job as a telemarketer and was getting weekly bonuses in excess of five hundred dollars for beating the quota. I was driving the zamboni and working in the pro shop of the local ice rink. The best part of all was no one was telling us to do anything at all. Almost out of nowher...

The Blood Disorder Of Diabetes Health And Social Care Essay

You need glucose for respiration. For illustration when you exercise your musculuss need a batch of glucose. Glucose is a signifier of sugar and a chief beginning of energy hence the ground you need it to contract your musculuss etc. Glucose is composed of Hydrogen, Oxygen, and Carbon. Hence it can be called organic because it contains C. Glucose is transported by the cells in the organic structure ; every cell in the organic structure contains it. Ways you can take it in can change but usually and of course you can take it in through the nutrient you eat. Foods which contain saccharides will incorporate high degrees of glucose. After the organic structure has the saccharides, it breaks down the nutrient into energy. Energy as mentioned before is needed to make mundane things such as raising weaponries, legs, pess etc Low sums of glucose in the blood stream is called hyperglycemia. This can take to Diabetes. If you have a high degrees of glucose in your blood nevertheless, this may take to shots. To forestall these, your weight should be kept a close oculus on every bit good as what you eat. Glucose is processed, as mentioned below, in the liver. Hormones tell the liver to treat glucose, ( stored glucagon is turned into glucose to be released into the blood stream ) the glucose is so distributed to the organic structure depending on where you need it most.http: //www.geneticsrus.org/DNA/diabetes-glucose-regulation.gifIntroductionThe organic structure controls blood sugar degrees by let go ofing insulin to state the liver to change over glucagon into glucose which so is subsequently released into the blood. If the blood sugar degrees are excessively low so the pancreas release the endocrine animal starch which so tells the liver to change over surplus glucagon which is non needed back into glucagon for storage. Diabetess is the upset in which many people suffer from. There are two types of diabetes type cubic decimeter and type ll. Type cubic decimeter diabetes is when your organic structure is n't doing adequate insulin. Type ll diabetes is when your organic structure is n't utilizing the insulin decently in your organic structure. hypertext transfer protocol: //www.google.co.uk/imgres? imgurl=http: //static.howstuffworks.com/gif/diabetes-glucose-regulation.gif & A ; imgrefurl=http: //health.howstuffworks.com/diseases-conditions/diabetes/diabetes1.htm & A ; usg=__v8HDmmIwlesvzvJOeip_tbiaJWc= & A ; h=457 & A ; w=359 & A ; sz=29 & A ; hl=en & A ; start=0 & A ; zoom=1 & A ; tbnid=Yq3fJyAYITe9pM: & A ; tbnh=151 & A ; tbnw=119 & A ; ei=FTRBTcHbIoKwhAehoI3LAQ & A ; prev=/images % 3Fq % 3Dglucose % 2Bdiabetes % 26um % 3D1 % 26hl % 3Den % 26biw % 3D1259 % 26bih % 3D599 % 26tbs % 3Disch:1 & A ; um=1 & A ; itbs=1 & A ; iact=rc & A ; dur=281 & A ; oei=FTRBTcHbIoKwhAehoI3LAQ & A ; esq=1 & A ; page=1 & A ; ndsp=18 & A ; ved=1t:429, r:3, s:0 & A ; tx=38 & A ; ty=56Normally diabetes type cubic decimeter is an familial disease, but you can besides acquire it because of jobs in your immune system ( the ability of your organic structure to turn up, onslaught, and destruct sources ) , and environmental factors. hypertext transfer protocol: //diabeticremediesguide.com/wp-content/uploads/2009/10/Type_1.jpg For type 1 diabetes the hazard factors are ; get down ill in early babyhood ( at birth, at yearling age. Etc ) , early exposure to overawe ‘s milk in babyhood and non being breast Federal every bit good as an older female parent will give person a high opportunity of type 1 diabetes. Other hazard factors for type 1 diabetes are as follows ; fleshiness, sedentary life style ( non making adequate exercising will increase the hazards of fleshiness which so will take onto diabetes. ) Unhealthy eating wonts, household history and genetic sciences, increased age. If you are exposed to these hazard factors so you need to see your GP for a general diagnosings. hypertext transfer protocol: //www.clarian.org/ADAM/doc/graphics/images/en/9273.jpg Diabetes has symptoms but these symptoms are at that place if diabetes is n't treated for a long clip.The symptoms of type 1 diabetes are ;Excessive thirst – Because your kidneys are a filter, they take out the glucose in your blood watercourse and recycle it for your organic structure to utilize, but if there is excessively much glucose in your blood so your kidneys can non take out all the glucose in your blood so the glucose that is left over it out in to your urine by your kidneys. For glucose to be â€Å" dumped † into your piss, more H2O demands to be taken out of your kidneys in order to bring forth piss, which consequences in desiccating. ( http: //www.ehow.com/about_5340904_diabetes-make-thirsty.html # ixzz15chIQ5Wn ) Blurred vision – Some people have glucose constructing up in the lenses of their eyes, this can ensue in bleary vision if the individual is undiagnosed. Tiredness – If glucose is n't modulating around your organic structure so you may experience tired because you need glucose to bring forth simple undertakings such as raising up your arm or speaking. If left for excessively long so even respiration would be had to treat, this will ensue in decease. Infections such as thrush and annoyance of the venereal countries, and skin annoyances caused by over growing of barm on the tegument. Increased appetite – If glucose is low in the organic structure so the organic structure feels a demand to eat more for more energy, this consequences in increased appetency over a long period of clip. Increased production of piss during the twenty-four hours and dark – Besides explained above, the extra glucose demands to be taken out of your organic structure and this is done through your piss, because your organic structure needs to maintain acquiring rid or glucose, urine demands to be produced therefore the ground why your urinating so frequently. Loss of weigh- if glucose is n't used decently so the organic structure is n't hive awaying any glucose either ; this will ensue in the loss of weight as glucagon is besides known as fat. Another ground will be because insulin is n't working decently so that ‘s why animal starch is used to state the liver to change over glucagon which is stored glucose back t glucose so that the organic structure can work decently. Other infections of the tegument ( yeast infections and furuncles etc )Diagnosiss of Type 1 diabetes.There are many types of ways that diabetes type 1 can be diagnosed. The preferable trial is the Fasting plasma glucose trial. The fasting plasma glucose trial is a trial which measures blood glucose degrees after a fast. Fasting stimulated the release of the endocrine glucagon. Glucagon tells the liver to change over animal starch back into glucose to let go of it back into the blood. When person does n't eat anything for a long clip so the organic structure needs something to do certain it has energy to travel about so the occupation is done by glucose. In people who do n't hold diabetes, the pancreas will observe the extra glucose in the blood and will let go of the endocrine insulin. Insulin does the antonym to glucagon, it tell the liver to change over the extra glucose back into animal starch for storage. In person that does hold diabetes type 1 ; the pancreas will non let go of insulin in order to state the liver to change over glucose back into animal starch for storage and as a consequence, the blood will still hold extra sums of glucose.http: //www.handsonhealth-sc.org/images/A/fasting_diabetes.gifBring arounding and Treating DiabetesDiabetess can non be cured. It can merely be controlled to an extent which allows your organic structure to map as if you did n't hold diabetes. Obviously there are some limitations that a diabetic should follow, but in the average clip there are possible interventions such as insulin shootings. First of all the purpose of physicians should be to be able to maintain the blood glucose degree near normal. This is done by insulin shootings which usually after a piece of cognizing that you have diabetes should be done at place. The patient injects it self with insulin as a tablet can non be taken because the organic structure does n't absorb insulin via the backbones. Most people have 2-4 injections of insulin a day.http: //www .mediject.com/images/photo_how_products.jpg What is Insulin? hypertext transfer protocol: //www.3dchem.com/imagesofmolecules/Insulin.jpg Insulin is a endocrine which is released by the pancreas for when the blood glucose degrees are detected to be excessively high. Insulin is sent to the liver to state the liver to change over the extra sum of glucose in the blood back into animal starch for storage.On the top,insulin in the organic structureHow is Human Insulin made?The utile cistron is cut from a human Deoxyribonucleic acid. ( In this instance insulin. ) This is preceded utilizing enzymes. Particular enzymes cut peculiar spots of DNA.http: //www.bbc.co.uk/scotland/education/bitesize/standard/img/biology/genetic-eng.gif Enzymes are so used to cut the Deoxyribonucleic acid or a bacteria and so the human cistron is inserted The bacteri um is so adult and looked after until they are all bring forthing human insulin. This is a speedy manner of bring forthing human insulin besides this type of insulin can be produced on a big scale.http: //www.littletree.com.au/images/dna19.jpg hypertext transfer protocol: //www.google.co.uk/imgres? imgurl=http: //static.howstuffworks.com/gif/diabetes-glucose-regulation.gif & A ; imgrefurl=http: //health.howstuffworks.com/diseases-conditions/diabetes/diabetes1.htm & A ; usg=__v8HDmmIwlesvzvJOeip_tbiaJWc= & A ; h=457 & A ; w=359 & A ; sz=29 & A ; hl=en & A ; start=0 & A ; zoom=1 & A ; tbnid=Yq3fJyAYITe9pM: & A ; tbnh=151 & A ; tbnw=119 & A ; ei=FTRBTcHbIoKwhAehoI3LAQ & A ; prev=/images % 3Fq % 3Dglucose % 2Bdiabetes % 26um % 3D1 % 26hl % 3Den % 26biw % 3D1259 % 26bih % 3D599 % 26tbs % 3Disch:1 & A ; um=1 & A ; itbs=1 & A ; iact=rc & A ; dur=281 & A ; oei=FTRBTcHbIoKwhAehoI3LAQ & A ; esq=1 & A ; page=1 & A ; ndsp=18 & A ; ved=1t:429, r:3, s:0 & A ; tx=38 & A ; ty=56 Above, the image is demoing how familial technology of bacterium occurs.How is Human Insulin taken by Patients?As insulin is non collected from the backbones, the signifier it has to be in can non be a pill. This is why the lone manner the insulin can be inserted into the organic structure has to be through an injection so that it goes straight into the blood.Ethical IssuesThere are many ethical issues that people are concerned with.Using insulin from hogs ;Doctors used to utilize insulin made from hogs because the insulin was similar to human insulin. Soon utilizing insulin from hogs was non a good thought as vegetarians and vegans could non be treated with insulin that came from animate beings. Religion ; Religion as we know it today poses a batch of jobs with all kinds of societal issues in this instance Muslims. Islam does non let any signifier of consumption of â€Å" hogs † so utilizing insulin from hogs was ne'er traveling to work. Animal inhuman treatment ; There were a batch of studies proposing that whilst a batch of people were seeking to factory farm hogs because there was a large demand for insulin. This would ensue in animate being inhuman treatment and the carnal rights militants to get down protesting. Immune system ; the immune system can really reject insulin made from hogs this would be truly bad for the patient and they will finally decease of diabetes.Familial technology:Producing insulin by bacteriums can truly intend there could be complications. Doctors do n't hold an first-class apprehension of how the organic structure works so there could be something that goes incorrect. Besides, there may be long term effects that we have n't seen yet so we should hold a clear apprehension of what the best possible intervention for diabetes is.Grafts:A individual about to decease can donate their pancreas to person who is diabetic ; this may ensue in many complication ‘s and people are scared that organ Mafias will get down to howl once more. Other than that faiths may be against surgery or some faiths may non O.K. of the thought of holding other variety meats â€Å" set † in them. hypertext transfer protocol: //www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-1338766/Kosovos-PM-Hashim-Tha-mafia-boss-stole-human-organs-Serbs.htmlAlternate TreatmentsA common medicine that is used alongside a healthy life manner is metformin. It lowers blood glucose by diminishing the sum of glucose your liver releases into the blood watercourse. For type 2 diabetes, by utilizing up the glucose that your liver releases into your blood watercourse you wo n't necessitate every bit much insulin in your organic structure as you would hold needed if you had a higher blood sugar degree. This is a truly good manner to command your blood sugar degree when your organic structure does n't do insulin to state the liver to change over the extra glucose.Genetically Engineering Human DNA ; Ethical IssuesThere are no uncertainty many pros of genetically technology human Deoxyribonucleic acid to bring forth human insulin but in fact there are some cons to it every bit good. For illustration, if scientist can mo dify DNA ‘s to alter a manner a organic structure works or modify a Deoxyribonucleic acid to alter a manner something looks so people are traveling to desire to utilize this techniques to modify other people DNA ‘s for things like, oculus coloring material, hair coloring materials, tallness, illnesses etc. This may ensue in interior decorator babes. This can take to hone ‘children ‘ but besides favoritism and struggle amongst people which have possibly non been genetically modified to alter the manner they look.Experiment:Method: First we had to make full in a beaker with poached H2O. Then we had to put the trial tubing which contained the urine sample inside the beaker. We so had to add the Benedict solution to the trial tubing and delay for the reaction to take topographic point. For sample 1 the urine trial sample changed coloring material after adding the Benedict solution. This shows us that the Cu sulfate has reacted with the glucose to organize Cu oxide. This is when the urine samples change from yellow to orange. This occurred in all the samples from 1 boulder clay 3. For the clinix sticks, if they started out as pink so in order for them to hold sugar in the piss they have to be changed to purple. Again the samples which made the clinix sticks change coloring materials were samples 1, 2 and 3. For samples 3 and 4 the colors, ( after we added the Benedict solution ) did alter coloring material and stayed the same. It was easier to utilize the clinix sticks as all we had to make was to do certain the colored piece of the sticks touched the urine sample. For the Benedict solution we had to do certain the H2O in the beaker was the same temperature as the remainder of the times we used the beaker and in order for this to work we had to do certain we would heat up new H2O every individual clip in order to hold a just trial and do certain it was the same temperature without holding to utilize a thermometer. This method was both non environmental friendly ( as we had to regenerate the H2O 5 times ) and it was inconvenient, nevertheless it was necessary to make the experiment utilizing two different methods to see which one was more effectual. It was more likely for Mr A, Mrs Y, and Mr X to hold been diagnosed with diabetes because Mr a had a sample to prove for diabetes and he was shown to hold diabetes this can be true as he is over the age of 40 in which after a certain age ( for type two diabetes ) in this instance is 40, the symptoms of type 2 diabetes occur. As Mr A has passed this age so it more likely for him to of been diagnosed with diabetes type 2 alongside the fact that he has a brother who has type 2 diabetes. Mr A has besides fasted before the trial which makes the trial reliable. Mrs Y besides has a high opportunity of being diagnosed with diabetes type2 because she has a BMI of 40 which is really high which may intend she is corpulent and she is 45 which is over the age that symptoms usually develop. She besides did fast before the trial which makes it much more dependable than person who has n't fasted. She besides has a high hazard or holding diabetes because her pa had type 2 diabetes. Mr X is another patient which we think may hold been diagnosed with diabetes because ethnicity and BMI. He has a BMI of 33 which is rather high and he ethnicity is black Nigerian which are all hazard factors of holding type 2 diabetes. Both Ms B and Miss Z have a opportunity of developing diabetes when they are approximately over 40.As both of them did n't fast before the trial, we can non be certain of the consequence and hence count it as undependable. The ethnicity of Miss Z means that she has a hazard of developing type 2 diabetes and the fact that Ms B has polycystic ovaries besides gives a opportunity that diabetes type 2 can be developed at a ulterior age in this instance 40 or over. Introduction: hypertext transfer protocol: //savvyhealthfitness.com/wp-content/uploads/2009/01/diabetes_type2.jpg Diabetess type II is a bit different to type I. The Same variety meats and endocrines are included but the jobs are different. In type I diabetes, your organic structure does n't do any insulin at all there Gore in type II your organic structure does do insulin but it is n't used decently. You can develop diabetes type II because ; Your organic structure does non do adequate insulin or The cells in your organic structure do non utilize insulin decently and consequences in your organic structure necessitating more insulin than normal. Diabetess type II, usually develops in grownups over the age of 40. It can besides develop in people if they are corpulent or fleshy, triping over wellness jobs on the manner.Symptoms of Type II diabetes are:There are four common symptoms and they are: -Being thirsty frequently – Being tired -Urinating frequently -losing weight Urinating and being thirsty nexus because if your glucose degrees are excessively high so the glucose leaks into your urine and takes excess H2O though your kidneys which so consequences in your organic structure non holding adequate H2O and you finally get down experiencing thirsty.Hazard factors for Type II diabetes:-Obesity ; as we mentioned before, type I diabetes can develop based on environmental factors. The more fat you have in your organic structure the more opportunity you have of your organic structure developing insulin opposition. Fat cells are non able to have bids and be accepting to insulin whereas musculus cells are. So the more fat the more fat cells, the more fat cells there are the more opportunity you have of developing insulin opposition. -Genetics and household history of diabetes ; if one or more of your household members have diabetes type II, so you are in a greater hazard to develop it. If you are African American, Alaskan indigen, Alaskan or Native American, you have an higher opportunity to develop it.http: //medicalimages.allrefer.com/large/glucose-in-blood.jpg -Increased age ; will higher your opportunity of developing Type II diabetes. Scientists argue that the pancreas age with us and does n't work every bit good and in order as it used to. It does n't pump insulin every bit good as it used to. Another ground why age may lend to type II diabetes may be that the cells age and they are more insulin resistant. Gestational diabetes develop in pregnant adult females and the bulk of the adult females who develop Gestational diabetes during gestation besides develop type II diabetes subsequently on. Diagnosiss of Type II diabetes: hypertext transfer protocol: https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh5wzG6K7ceOgC9f8sECgvnPOKp6K-NH2uBnBGJ8oKTheKe4-07-aGRZlphiCxQzRk1bSs0u6-yIK7TkiOD2P8Ymd8KUMcv1RTMqJhyphenhyphenJSYFcG7B4GN8eUNr2olixBTdBztStOHbBK8sBVCt/s400/insulin+test.jpg Type II diabetes can be diagnosed by utilizing the fasting plasma glucose trial. Often, urinanalysis can be performed on samples of piss. The fasting glucose trial will be taken after you ‘ve non eaten for at least eight hours. There is besides a random glucose trial hence the name is indiscriminately taken at anytime though out the twenty-four hours. If a definite diagnosings can non be made, so you will hold a glucose tolerance trial to mensurate how your blood degrees change. This is after you swallow a sugary drink. Before holding this trial, it is barbarous that you fast nightlong.Treating Type II diabetes:As mentioned before, diabetes can non be cured. Alternatively it can be treated. Normally purposes of handling type I or type II would be to convey blood glucose degrees back to normal once more. Treating diabetes will intend that your symptoms will ease which will do you experience better but you would still hold to be careful about what you take ( eat or drink ) and long term complication in your organic structure. Doctors have proven that blood glucose degrees id irregular ( excessively high or excessively low ) have an consequence on the possibility that you will develop complications such as bosom disease. Blood glucose degrees are monitored by trials. You usually have a blood trial that is repeated over 2-6 months. This trial looks are your ruddy blood cells as glucose attaches to them to be circulated around the blood watercourse. By this trial you can acquire an mean degree of glucose in your organic structure over 2 months. Obviously the glucose in your blood. The intervention is so designed to take to take down your blood glucose degree by medicine ( which may alter and differ as your blood glucose degrees is higher or lower. ) hypertext transfer protocol: //www.diabeteshealth.com/media/images/article_images/6240.jpg Alongside medicine, the most of import intervention is lifestyle, commanding your weight, dieting and most important- physical activity. Diabetes type II is a life style caused disease largely of the clip which means you can command it by the manner you live your life. Fat, sugar and salt are cardinal things you should non eat as a diabetic, as ever eating fruit, veggies and nutrient high in fiber will non merely profit you in being a diabetic but it will besides profit you in cardiovascular diseases, malignant neoplastic disease and many more jobs you may confront if your eating wonts will take on to fleshiness, or being overweight. If nevertheless you are already overweight, so you need to desperately speak to your dietician which will give you more information on this. Last regular physical activity will profit you in many easy. 30 infinitesimal day-to-day exercising at least 5 times a twenty-four hours is highly of import and if vigorous plenty, will be effectual plenty every bit good. Cycling, dance, swimming, and jogging will all be adequate. If after altering your lifestyle, your blood glucose degrees are still high so medicine is required. Firstly insulin injections are normally the most common type of medicine used. As mentioned in type I, insulin can non be taken by oral cavity as juices in the tummy which are used for digestive intents are destroyed by the juices in the tummy. A medicine type besides tries to cut down the sum of the endocrine glucagon to be releases in to your blood watercourse to halt insulin from working. Both type of diabetes can be highly unsafe and it is of import that it gets treated every bit shortly as possible.Glossary:– Glucose: besides known as sugar, is needed for all types of procedures such as respiration. No populating being can populate without it. It is strictly energy. -Glycogen: is the endocrine that tells the liver to change over extra glucose into glucagon. – Glucagon: is the substance that is stored glucose ( fat ) -Insulin: is the endocrine that tells the liver to change over glucagon into glucose to be released into the blood watercourse. – Diabetes type I: is when you body does non do adequate insulin in your organic structure hence why the blood glucose degree is usually low. -Diabetes type II: is when your organic structure does do insulin but does n't utilize it decently and becomes insulin resistant which means that the organic structure does non react to insulin no more. – Hyperglycemia: Large sums of glucose in the blood stream.

Physical Anthropology: Homo Erectus

1. Introduction/General Information a. A Dutch anatomist named Eugene Dubois is responsible for the discovery of Homo erectus. b. Fossils and remains were found in 1891 on the island of Java. c. Homo erectus is an extinct hominid that lived between 1.6 million and 250,000 years ago. d. Homo erectus is thought to have evolved in Africa from another human ancestor known as Homo habilis–which happens to be the first member of the genus Homo. e. Homo erectus dispersed into Asia more than 1.3 million years ago and then into Europe about 400,000 years ago. 2. Physical Description (What did they look like?) a. Anatomically and physiologically, Homo erectus is similar to modern humans except for a slightly heavier bone structure. b. The size of its braincase is not that different from Homo sapiens, however the cranial bones are much bigger than that of either Homo habilis or modern humans. c. There was a progressive reduction in sexual dimorphism, until there was a similar ration between the two sexes. d. Proportions of the limbs to the body are much more like those of modern humans. Arms are not long and ape-like in relation to the Homo habilis. 3. Diet & Technology a. The adapted technological uses of Homo erectus was said to be significantly more complex than that of its predecessors. b. They made use of stone tools, other varieties of tools created from wood, and fire. c. Interestingly, they created and seasonally resided in oval-shaped huts. d. Homo erectus populations used these huts while also living a life that consisted of surviving based on a combination of intense hunting and the gathering of shellfish and plant foods e. With intense competition for food against large predators, in an environment subject to frequent changes, theoretically caused certain Homo erectus subsets to invent new tools etc. f. As for most hunter gatherers, their diet would have consisted of red meat, occasional shellfish, roots, leaves, nuts, berries, wild grasses, honey and bird's eggs. 4. Behaviors/Social Interactions a. Some researchers considered the social aspects of the species closer to those of modern man than the groups who came before it. b. Members of the Homo erectus species might have communicated with a sort of â€Å"pre-language†. c. Some African sites had remains that showed evidence that despite the human-like anatomy of the species; members were physically incapable of making sounds associated with modern language. 5. Conclusion a. A brief summary of the characteristics and lifestyle of the once existent Homo erectus